Avionics for Airplanes and Helicopters general

Avionics in general means all electronic,electric and instrumental equipment that are placed into the airplane or helicopter.Thus it consists from many branches.The first one will be the instruments.
Instruments at the airplane or the helicopter are used for measuring and controlling various parameters during the ignition of the engine and during the flight.We can divide them into following groups.

Barometric instruments

Flight speed indicator,Altitude indicator,Variometer.All of them are powered by air pressure static or dynamic component or both of them.

Instruments for controlling the parameters of the engine

Engine RPM indicator,Main rotor RPM indicator,various temperature controllers for working temperature of components. Exhaust temperature controller everything is combined with such a fine automatics and is very reliable  indeed.Shaft controllers, torquemeter they are all obliged to give a correct data to the flying crew.

Navigation instruments

Flight compass,Gyrocompass,Gyro horizon or artificial horizon plus rate of turn indicator and many others for secure navigation during the flight.

Electric equipment for airplanes

This area consists from two main parts

DC distribution

The main DC source is starter- generator or just generator if engine uses air pressure for starting.Auxiliary source is battery. Through various  converters it converts DC into AC if there is a malfunction in main network.Mainly voltage is 28 v but at light and ultra light airplanes it is 14 V.There is also a large network of commutative equipment with voltage regulators and differential minimal relays included and many more regulators like exhaust temperature regulator during the starting phase of the engine.Various types of relays from 0,1 to 2000 amps.

AC distribution

Alternator is the main source of AC, voltage is mostly 208 V 400 Hz,115 v 400 Hz, through various transformers it can be 26 V 400 Hz or 36 V 400 Hz at russian types.Supplying many instruments for navigation, engine monitoring etc.Radio equipment also uses AC for work too.Secondary source is battery through the network of static converters and transformers .

Radio and Radar Equipment

This term include all devices for radio comm and all types of radars like weather or combat types.Also to navigate airplane to the start and middle point of runway for landing through the network of VOR-s.